American Journal of PharmTech Research

Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) have emerged as an advanced approach to overcome the limitations of conventional oral dosage forms by prolonging gastric residence time and improving drug bioavailability. The objective of these systems is to remain buoyant in gastric fluid for extended periods, allowing controlled release of drugs and enhanced absorption of medications with limited absorption windows. Floating tablets achieve buoyancy using low-density excipients, such as gas-generating substances like sodium bicarbonate, or swellable polymers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Formulation strategies generally employ polymeric matrices, effervescent components, or coating technologies to regulate release kinetics and enhance stability. Evaluation parameters, such as floating lag time, total floating duration, and in vitro and in vivo correlation, are essential for assessing system performance. GRDDS can improve the therapeutic efficacy of medicines used in gastrointestinal disorders and those requiring localized gastric delivery. Despite significant advancements, variability in gastric motility and physiological factors limit the reproducibility and scalability of formulations. This review consolidates current progress and identifies future directions for optimized gastroretentive floating tablet technology.

Approximately 40% of the marketed drugs and 70 to 90% of the drugs in development are poorly water soluble. Solubility plays a crucial role in the absorption of the drugs ingested orally. As most of the drugs are poorly soluble the solubility enhancement is the prime requisite to enhance dissolution, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Several approaches as physical modification, pH adjustment, Super critical fluid technology, liquisolid techniques and chemical modifications are to enhance the solubility. Physical methods include particle size reduction, solubility enhancement by carriers, by surfactants, by complexation chemical modifications include Hydrotrophy, co-solvency, nano technology, salt formation and co-crystallization. This review mainly focuses on novel techniques to enhance solubility includes liquisolid system, Spherical agglomeration, melt sonocrystallization, Hydrotrophy, Natural deep eutectic solvents nano technology-based methods, solid state engineering, advanced formulation strategies include self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, and supercritical fluid technology and other innovative techniques like and micro wave assisted techniques.

This study reports the eco-friendly synthesis of gold (AuNPs) and silver (AgNPs) nanoparticles using the alcoholic root extract of Hymenodictyon orixense. The use of H. orixense root extract offers a novel approach in green synthesis, as it has been relatively underexplored.The nanoparticles were synthesized via a microwave-assisted method, utilizing extract of H. orixense as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The phytochemicals present in the extract played a crucial role in reducing the metal ions and stabilizing the resulting nanoparticles. The synthesis was confirmed by a visual colour change and characterized using various physicochemical techniques. The synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles showed characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 544 nm and 427 nm, respectively. They exhibited significant cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (breast cancer), A549 (lung cancer), and HepG2 (liver cancer) cell lines, with AuNPs exhibiting slightly higher cytotoxicity compared to AgNPs. Statistical analysis using ANOVA revealed that the cytotoxic effects of both AuNPs and AgNPs were significant (p < 0.001) compared to the untreated control cells. The study demonstrates the potential of H. orixense-mediated green synthesis in producing nanoparticles with promising anticancer properties. Quantitative comparisons revealed that AuNPs had lower IC50 values and higher antioxidant activity than extract and AgNPs. The significant cytotoxicity exhibited by these nanoparticles suggests their potential for further development as therapeutic agents. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, optimize the synthesis process, and evaluate the in vivo efficacy and safety of these nanoparticles.