American Journal of PharmTech Research

Leukemia management has improved with the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy; however, long-term remission remains limited due to relapse, systemic toxicity, and the persistence of leukemic stem cells (LSCs) within the bone marrow niche. Conventional therapies often fail to effectively target these protected microenvironments, leading to drug resistance and disease recurrence. This review summarizes recent advances (2010–2025) in nanocarrier-based strategies for leukemia treatment, focusing on organic, inorganic, and hybrid nanoplatforms. Particular emphasis is placed on targeted delivery systems that utilize ligand-mediated recognition of leukemia-associated markers such as CD33, CD123, and CD26, along with microenvironment-responsive drug release mechanisms. Organic nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, and dendrimers, enhance drug solubility, stability, and pharmacokinetics while reducing off-target toxicity. In contrast, inorganic nanomaterials such as gold and iron oxide nanoparticles offer multifunctional capabilities, including imaging and stimulus-responsive therapeutic delivery. Emerging biomimetic systems further improve immune evasion and bone marrow targeting by mimicking natural cellular components. Collectively, these nanotechnology-driven approaches provide a promising platform for improving therapeutic precision and overcoming current limitations in leukemia treatment. Despite challenges related to scalability, regulatory approval, and long-term safety, continued integration of nanotechnology with molecular oncology may facilitate the development of more effective and targeted therapies for hematological malignancies.

Bioplastics are a viable substitute for petroleum-based plastics due to their ability to reduce environmental pollution while still providing excellent barrier properties, stiffness, tensile strength and tear strength. Natural and renewable raw materials are utilized in the production of these items, utilizing either chemical or microbial processes. The utilization of agro-industrial wastes as a substrate for production helps mitigate the negative impact on the environment caused by the disposal of these wastes, as well as the greenhouse gas emissions linked to petroleum-based plastics. Their eco-conscious and easily degradable properties make them a prominent player in the future plastic market and their wide range of applications.

Biomedical sciences in the contemporary era are undergoing a profound epistemic and structural transition. Historically rooted in reductionist paradigms that emphasized isolated molecular and cellular mechanisms, the field is now progressively evolving toward integrative, predictive, and human-centric frameworks. This transformation is driven by the convergence of systems biology, computational modeling, artificial intelligence, and regulatory science, alongside the emergence of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) that challenge traditional experimental hierarchies. The present narrative review critically examines this paradigm shift, arguing that modern biomedical science is no longer defined solely by data generation but by the architecture of interpretation, integration, and translation. It further explores the limitations of conventional evidence models, the need for hierarchical reasoning frameworks, and the implications for drug discovery, clinical translation, and global health systems—particularly in emerging scientific ecosystems such as India. By synthesizing advances across disciplines, this article proposes a reorientation toward predictive human biology as the central organizing principle of biomedical research in the 21st century. Keywords: Systems Biology; Translational Medicine; Artificial Intelligence; New Approach Methodologies; Predictive Human Biology