American Journal of PharmTech Research

The abstract presents an overview of advancements in drug delivery systems, focusing on the evolution from conventional methods (like tablets, capsules, and syrups) to more sophisticated controlled delivery approaches. It emphasizes the limitations of traditional drug delivery, including poor bioavailability, inconsistent drug levels in the body, and the inability to sustain therapeutic effects. These shortcomings can make treatments less effective and potentially unsafe. To address these issues, controlled drug delivery systems (CDDS) have been developed, which allow for precise and sustained release of medication at targeted sites. Over the past two decades, these systems have evolved significantly; incorporating innovations at both the macro and nano scales, and now include intelligent systems that can respond to stimuli for targeted drug delivery. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful tool to revolutionize the healthcare sector, including drug delivery and development. This review explores the current and future applications of AI in the pharmaceutical industry, focusing on drug delivery and development. It provides a comprehensive overview of AI's potential to transform the pharmaceutical industry and improve patient care while identifying further research and development areas. It also covers the fundamental aspects of drug delivery, exploring the pharmacokinetics involved, limitations of conventional methods, and the design and classification of CDDS. It also delves into cutting-edge topics such as nano-drug delivery, targeted therapy, and the use of smart biomaterials, concluding with a discussion of current challenges and future research directions in the field.

Mosquito-borne infections, such as malaria and dengue, are a profound cause of illness and death in many countries. Personal protection against mosquitoes using repellents could be a useful method to reduce or prevent transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. However, due to the objectionable side effects and toxicity associated with synthetic repellents, an urge for developing natural repellents has come forward. The peel of citrus fruits has been reported to have excellent mosquito repellent properties. Hence, we aimed to develop a non-toxic, stable, and consistent cream using the peel extract of Citrus Paradisi. The cream was prepared and characterized based on sensory evaluation and consistency in terms of texture, greasiness, consistency, and pH. The present study concluded that the formulated mosquito repellent cream using essential oil is natural, safe, effective, and usable for the skin to afford mosquito repellent action. This herbal cream offers a promising alternative to marketed synthetic products.

Because of their natural origin, superior biocompatibility, and inherent capacity to facilitate intercellular communication, exosome-based drug delivery systems have become a new and promising platform in nanomedicine. Extracellular vesicles [30 to 150 nm] called exosomes are released by almost every type of cell and can be found in a variety of bodily fluids, such as urine, saliva, and blood. They transport a complex cargo of lipids, proteins, and genetic elements like miRNA and mRNA transcripts, which are essential for controlling biological and disease-related processes. These biological vesicles have distinct benefits over manufactured nanoparticles, such as their high stability, minimal immunogenicity, effective cellular absorption, and capacity to pass through biological membranes that provide protection. Exosomes have drawn a lot of attention lately as natural carriers of therapeutic molecules, like as proteins, nucleic acids, and tiny medicines, for the treatment of diseases like cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular disorders. Exosomes' targeting effectiveness and therapeutic potential have been improved by sophisticated methods in exosome extraction, purification, and engineering, including as surface modification and cargo loading. All things considered, exosome-based drug delivery systems offer a state-of-the-art, biocompatible, and adaptable approach to precise, targeted, and customized therapy in contemporary biomedical research. Current review focuses on types of exosomes, the biology and biogenesis of exosomes, isolation and characterization of exosomes.